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Naples, Sicile, Calabre : aux origines de la mafia
C’est dans les champs de citronniers de Sicile, au XIXe siècle, que débute l’histoire de l’« Honorable Société ». En moins de 50 ans, elle deviendra la « Pieuvre », déployant ses tentacules jusqu'en Amérique. L’internationale du crime est née.
Phénomène tentaculaire, violent et mystérieux, la mafia italienne effraie autant qu’elle fascine. Celle qu’on surnomme la pieuvre œuvre à couvert aux quatre coins du monde. C’est en Calabre, à la pointe de la botte italienne, que se transmet la légende de sa création. Trois chevaliers espagnols en fuite auraient établi une société secrète, de laquelle seraient issues la mafia sicilienne, la Camorra napolitaine et la ‘Ndrangheta calabraise.
Mais pour découvrir les véritables origines de la mafia, il faut s’éloigner du mythe chevaleresque et plonger dans l’Italie du milieu du XIXe siècle. La période, marquée par les guerres et les soulèvements populaires, a engendré l’État italien moderne. C’est plus précisément dans le royaume des Deux-Siciles, au cœur des conspirations révolutionnaires, mais aussi à l’ombre des citronniers, que se forment les fondements de la mafia telle que nous la connaissons aujourd’hui. Qui sont les premiers mafieux ? Comment opèrent-ils ? Comment ces organisations criminelles issues du XIXe siècle ont-elle réussi à perdurer jusqu’à aujourd’hui ?
Cet épisode est adapté d’un article paru dans Histoire & Civilisations de mars 2020 de John Dickie, University College, Londres, « Naples, Sicile, Calabre : dans l’antre de la mafia ».
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